As the sun sinks slowly in the West, there is cause for pause
by people as they wish their luck in seeing the elusive “green flash.”
I remember the daily ritual on our deck in Kahaluʻu mauka in
Kona (as we were growing up, it was the only home we ever lived in with a
western orientation and view of the Pacific Ocean.)
Scientists say green flashes come in two common forms; these
were described by James Prescott Joule in a letter to the Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society in 1869.
First, he noted that “at the moment of the departure of the
sun below the horizon, the last glimpse is coloured bluish green.” This “last
glimpse” flash is associated with the inferior mirage, familiar on asphalt
roads on sunny days.
It is best seen from a few meters above sea level, and
becomes compressed to a thin line at the horizon when seen from considerable
heights.
Joule also observed that “Just at the upper edge, where
bands of the sun's disk are separated one after the other by refraction, each
band becomes coloured blue just before it vanishes.”
This second form of flash is associated with a mock mirage,
which is caused by a thermal inversion below eye level; so it is mainly seen
from elevated positions.
As light passes from the vacuum of space into the
atmosphere, which acts like a prism, it slows down and causes the light to bend
or refract towards the surface of the earth.
The white from the sun is made up of many different colors
of light, all of which have a different wavelength. The wavelength (or color)
of light affects how much it is refracted on entering the atmosphere, with red
light refracted the most and blue least (as in rainbows).
Imagine the image of the sun as being made up of red, green
and blue images. Light from the 'red image' will be refracted more than that
from the green and blue.
So, the 'red image' will appear lower than the green, which
will similarly appear lower than the blue. At sunset, or sunrise, this effect
is intensified as light travels through a slightly thicker atmosphere.
As the sun disappears below the horizon, the 'red image'
will disappear first and the blue last.
The atmosphere causes blue light to be scattered more than
red or green - the reason why the sky appears blue - so light from the 'green
image' … the 'green flash' … will normally be the last thing you see as the sun
disappears below the horizon.
On very rare occasions, the atmosphere may be clear enough
to allow some of the blue light to reach us and cause a 'blue flash' as the sun
sets.
The phenomenon lasts only a fraction of a second, so unless
you know where to look and when, the chances of seeing one are very slim.
Viewing conditions need to be just right, too.
Watching the sun set over an ocean horizon on a clear
evening creates optimal viewing conditions.
Your line of sight should be almost parallel to the horizon
and you need to really concentrate at the top edge of the sun as it is about
98% set.
If you are lucky, you will see the top edge of the sun turn
green for a brief moment, before disappearing below the horizon.
Jules Verne's 1882 novel "Le Rayon Vert" (The
Green Ray) popularized the green flash, described as "a green which no
artist could ever obtain on his palette, a green of which neither the varied
tints of vegetation nor the shades of the most limpid sea could ever produce
the like! If there is a green in Paradise, it cannot be but of this shade,
which most surely is the true green of Hope".
Be careful. Even with
the sun low in the sky, concentrated observation with the naked eye can cause
damage to your eyesight.
In addition, I have added other images in a folder of like
kind in the Photos section on my Facebook page.
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