It’s About Nationality, Not Race

It’s About Nationality, Not Race The Hawaiian nation was overthrown in 1893 … not the Hawaiian race (it was a constitutional monarchy, not race-limited.) Yet, to date, apparently, the only people permitted to exercise their rights related to discussions on restoration, reparation, sovereignty, independence, etc related to the Hawaiian nation have been those of one race, the native Hawaiians. However, all Hawaiian citizens lost their nation in 1893 … Hawai‘i was built up of many racial ethnic extractions, but they all came under one nationality, called a Hawaiian citizen or subject, not just those who lived in the Islands prior to 1778. Why aren’t all Hawaiian citizens included in the recognition and sovereignty discussions and decisions today?

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It’s About Nationality, Not Race

It’s About Nationality, Not Race The Hawaiian nation was overthrown in 1893 … not the Hawaiian race (it was a constitutional monarchy, not race-limited.) Yet, to date, apparently, the only people permitted to exercise their rights related to discussions on restoration, reparation, sovereignty, independence, etc related to the Hawaiian nation have been those of one race, the native Hawaiians. However, all Hawaiian citizens lost their nation in 1893 … Hawai‘i was built up of many racial ethnic extractions, but they all came under one nationality, called a Hawaiian citizen or subject, not just those who lived in the Islands prior to 1778. Why aren’t all Hawaiian citizens included in the recognition and sovereignty discussions today?

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http://imagesofoldhawaii.com/its-about-nationality-not-race/

Drinking Smoke

Drinking Smoke Nicotiana tabacum was unknown in Europe when Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic. There he saw both men and women who ‘drank’ (or inhaled) the smoke of rolls of burning leaves. In the Islands, tobacco cultivation dates at least to 1809, when Archibald Campbell observed ‘smoking tobacco is another luxury of which the natives are very fond.' Don Francisco de Paula Marin planted tobacco on January 11, 1813. Six years later, the use of tobacco was widespread. Chiefs, as well as their servants would pass a single pipe from one person to another. The Islands grew “four different kinds of tobacco in our field, and as some of them are much better than others”.

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Tracks

Tracks Until the mid-1800s, Hawaiʻi overland travel was predominantly by foot and followed traditional trails; people walked, or rode horses or used personal carts/buggies. It wasn't until 1868, that horse-drawn carts became the first public transit service. In 1900, the Tramway was taken over by the Honolulu Rapid Transit & Land Co (HRT.) In 1888, the legislature gave Dillingham an exclusive franchise “for construction and operation on the Island of O‘ahu a steam railroad ... for the carriage of passengers and freight.” He started O`ahu Railway & Land Co (OR&L.) In 1900, an electric trolley (tram line) was put into operation in Honolulu, and then in 1902, a tram line was built to connect Waikīkī and downtown Honolulu. In 1915, the streetcars were replaced completely by buses (first gasoline and later diesel buses.)

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John Davis Paris

John Davis Paris John Davis Paris was born to George and Mary (Hudson) Paris, September 22, 1809 near Staunton, Virginia, the eldest of six sons. At the age of nineteen, his father gave him permission to go to school. He carted firewood and lumber on Saturdays to pay tuition and extras. In 1835, he distributed bibles and religious books for the American Bible Society. Paris entered Bangor Theological Seminary in 1836, graduating in 1839 with Rev Daniel Dole and was ordained the same year. He was accepted by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and was first stationed in Kaʻū, the first resident missionary there. He later returned to Kona.

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FDR in Hawaiʻi

FDR in Hawaiʻi In July 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) traversed the Pacific aboard the USS Houston, debarked at both the ports of Hilo and Honolulu, and stayed in the Islands for several days (July 24-28, 1934) to tour both cultural landmarks and military areas. In his farewell remarks he noted, “I leave you today with reluctance, for the friendly spirit and the generous reception given me everywhere by the people of the Islands of the Territory make me greatly wish that my visit could be prolonged. I leave also with pride in Hawaiʻi - pride in your patriotism and in your accomplishments.”

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Beyond the Boundaries

Beyond the Boundaries Shaped by island geography, ahupuaʻa varied in shape and size (from as little as 100-acres to more than 100,000-acres.) The emphasis on economic self-sufficiency in Hawaiian ahupua‘a resonates in our modern world with concerns for environmental and economic sustainability. Even though they were capable of being self-sufficient in stone resources, Hawaiians chose to import a significant quantity of high-quality volcanic rock, either as raw material or as finished adzes from areas beyond their ahupuaʻa. This exchange economy may also have consisted of perishable materials (ie, salt, fiber plants and cordage, lauhala matting, large hardwood logs for canoe hulls, and the red and yellow feathers of certain species of forest birds.)

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Keawemauhili

Keawemauhili With the death of Kiwalaʻo, the victory made Kamehameha chief of the districts of Kona, Kohala and Hāmākua, while Keōua, the brother of Kiwalaʻo, controlled Kaʻū and Puna, and Keawemauhili (grandson of Keawe) declared himself independent of both in Hilo. Kamehameha’s counselors were encouraging him to attack Keawemauhili and expand his domain into Hilo. The blows to Keawemauhili’s forces began to show, and victory began to lean toward Kamehameha’s forces. Keōua killed Keawemauhili. Keawemauhili had a daughter, Kapiʻolani. In 1822, she was among the first chiefs to welcome instruction and accept Christianity. In 1823, Kapiʻolani stood up to Pele, stating “Jehovah is my God … I fear not Pele.”

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Adventures of a University Lecturer

Adventures of a University Lecturer Hiram Bingham III was born in Honolulu, on November 19, 1875, to Hiram Bingham II, an early Protestant missionary to the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. He was the grandson of Hiram Bingham I, who in 1820 was the leader of the Pioneer Company of missionaries to Hawaiʻi. Hiram III married Alfreda Mitchell, heiress of the Tiffany and Co fortune through her maternal grandfather Charles L Tiffany. With this financial stability he was able to focus on his future explorations. On July 24, 1911, Hiram Bingham III rediscovered the ‘Lost City’ of Machu Picchu. He has been noted as a source of inspiration for the ‘Indiana Jones’ character.

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Mission Stations

Mission Stations Over the course of a little over 40-years (1820-1863 - the “Missionary Period”,) the ABCFM operated in the Hawaiian Islands; an early effort was to find important communities (generally near ports and aliʻi residences) as “stations” for the regional church and school centers across the Hawaiian Islands. By 1850, eighteen mission stations had been established; six on Hawaiʻi, four on Maui, four on Oʻahu, three on Kauai and one on Molokai. Meeting houses were constructed at the stations, as well as throughout the district. Initially constructed as the traditional Hawaiian thatched structures; they were later made of wood or stone.

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Na Lāʻau Arboretum

Na Lāʻau Arboretum In 1950, George Campbell Munro started his efforts in the creation of a botanical garden of Hawaiian arid plant species. He received permission from the National Guard to plant on a 9-acre tract on the west exterior slopes of Diamond Head. His work resulted in the Na Lāʻau Arboretum and its companion Ke Kuaʻāina garden of endemic plants, which eventually grew to over 100-acres; it became part of the Board of Agriculture park system on March 7, 1958.

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Napa Meets Hawaiʻi

Napa Meets Hawaiʻi “The firm or house of Beringer Bros consists of Messrs Frederick and Jacob L Beringer. Of these Frederick Beringer, the elder of the two, is the manager and business man.” (It started in 1875.) Beringer Brothers winery is in St Helena in Napa Valley. Frederick had a son (May 28, 1870,) Fred L Beringer Jr, who married Harriet (Hattie) Kawaikapulani Likelike Lewis (born June 17, 1874, at Kōloa, Kauai) in Honolulu (she was daughter of American Captain Isaiah Lewis.)

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The Three Princes

The Three Princes Three Hawaiian princes (and brothers,) David Kawānanakoa (Koa,) Edward Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, nephews of Queen Kapiʻolani, were schooled at St Matthew’s Hall in San Mateo in 1885. In Santa Cruz, “The young Hawaiian princes were in the water, enjoying it hugely and giving interesting exhibitions of surf-board swimming as practiced in their native islands.” This was the first recorded account of surfing on the continent.

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Ka Wai O Pele

Ka Wai O Pele “Probably the most striking scenic point about Kapoho is Green Lake, a beautiful body of deep green water occupying the crater called Waiapele, ‘Pele’s Lake.’” (Mid-Pacific Magazine, 1920) “They told us the name of the place was Kapoho, (the sunken in,) and of the lake Ka wai a Pele, (the water of Pele) …The saltness of the water in the extinguished volcano, proves the connection of the lake with the sea, from which it was about a mile distant”. (Ellis, 1823)

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Kahuna

Kahuna Kahuna is a general name applied to such persons as have a trade, an art or who practice some profession; some qualifying term is generally added. ‘Kahuna’ was a title, like MD or PhD, and additional descriptive words were used to designate the field of expertise. At the height of ancient Hawaiian civilization there were dozens of classes of kahuna. Each was trained in a specific aspect of ancient culture and they were considered to be among the wisest in society. They also had inherent spiritual gifts and special abilities to communicate with the ancestors.

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Edwin Welles Dwight

Edwin Welles Dwight Edwin Welles Dwight met ʻŌpūkahaʻia, a Hawaiian who was orphaned by war on Hawaiʻi. ʻŌpūkahaʻia “was sitting on the steps of a Yale building, weeping. A solicitous student (Dwight) stopped to inquire what was wrong, and Obookiah (the spelling of his name, based on its sound) said, ‘No one will give me learning.’” Dwight helped him. Dwight later became the first principal of the Foreign Mission School and is remembered for putting together a book, ‘Memoirs of Henry Obookiah’ (the spelling of the name based on its pronunciation - it was an edited collection of ʻŌpūkahaʻia’s letters and journals/diaries.) It inspired the New England missionaries to volunteer to carry his message to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiʻi.)

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Wī

Wī In ancient Hawai‘i, most were farmers, a few were fishermen. Food shortages and famines result from a variety of events: natural disasters, drought, or even the unrelated consequence of political or economic policy. According to Hawaiian traditions, the ʻuala (sweet potato) was not only a primary staple food, it was also a food to deal with famine; another important staple, as well as famine food, is ʻulu (breadfruit.) Other crop plants that also served as famine food was: maiʻa (banana,) kō (sugarcane,) ki (ti,) noni (Indian Mulberry) and others.

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White Knuckle Ride

White Knuckle Ride Actually, calling it a ‘highway’ is being generous … although it has traffic in both directions, it’s a narrow, winding one-lane road, approximately 10 to 12-feet wide, cut into the side of the cliff. It is said to follow an old pathway that was once used by King Kahekili and his court, known as the King Kahekili Trail. For those who are vertically challenged, not in personal stature, but rather in the relationship of you to your surroundings, this is not the place to be. News reports note periodic incidents where cars fall off the road - down 100+ foot cliffs.

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Ida May Pope

Ida May Pope She was born in Crestline, Ohio July 30, 1862 to Dr William and Cornelia Waring Pope. She was the third child among seven. In August 1890, Miss Ida May Pope left for Honolulu to accept a position in the Kawaiahaʻo seminary. Then, on December 19 1894, the second stage of establishing the Kamehameha Schools was accomplished when the Kamehameha School for Girls was begun. Pope became the first principal of the school; she was a strong-minded, energetic Midwesterner who picked her own teachers; the first, like her, were all single women from the mainland.

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“Ownership”

“Ownership” “… an underlying principle was that objects not made by the human hand could not be owned, that is they could not be set aside for the exclusive or perpetual use of any individual …” All forms of the natural environment, from the skies and mountain peaks, to the watered valleys and lava plains, and to the shoreline and ocean depths are believed to be embodiments of Hawaiian gods and deities. Earth and nature possessed mana (spiritual life forces) that came from the gods.

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Kukona

Kukona His name in Hawaiʻi became a symbol of the very highest ideals of chivalry in battle; Kukona (7th aliʻi ʻaimoku (high chief or king) of Kauai) was born in Kōloa and fought his defining battle at Poʻipū. His year of birth is estimated at around 1405. Combined armies of the other islands were set on taking Kauai. The much smaller forces defending Kauai, led by Kukona and his son, soundly defeated the invaders after leading them inland and then surrounding them at the shore. Kukona captured all four chiefs of Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui and Molokai. Rather than kill then (and preferring peace,) he let them go on the promise that they never again make war on Kauai - the peace lasted for 400-years.

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School for the Children of the Missionaries

School for the Children of the Missionaries Over the course of a little over 40-years (1820-1863 - the “Missionary Period”,) about 180-men and women in twelve Companies served in Hawaiʻi to carry out the mission of the ABCFM in the Hawaiian Islands. However, the education of their children was a concern of missionaries. Founded in 1841, on July 11, 1842, fifteen children met for the first time in Punahou’s original E-shaped building. By the end of that first year, 34-children from Sandwich Islands and Oregon missions were enrolled, only one over 12-years old. By 1851, Punahou officially opened its doors to all races and religions.

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13 Signatories

13 Signatories The Committee of Safety, formally the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety, was a 13-member group also known as the Annexation Club; they started in 1887 as the Hawaiian League. In June 1887, the Hawaiian League used the Rifles to force King Kalākaua to enact a new constitution. Later the Committee wrote to John L Stevens, American Minister, stating, “the public safety is menaced and lives and property are in peril, and we appeal to you and the United States forces at your command for assistance.” The Committee of Safety was made up of 6-Hawaiian citizens (naturalized or by birth (American parentage;)) 5-Americans, 1-Englishman and 1-German.

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Hawaiian Homes

Hawaiian Homes Hawaiians had consistently advocated for homesteading by Hawaiians since the Land Act of 1895 set up five methods of homesteading upon the former government and Crown lands by the general public. Then, a homestead resolution was drafted and debated in Congress. The US House of Representatives passed this measure on May 22, 1920. With disagreement in the Senate, Hawaiʻi’s delegate, Prince Kūhiō provided amendments and on July 9, 1921 SR 1881 passed both houses and was signed into law. Approximately 200,000‐acres of land was set aside to the Hawaiian Homes Commission as a land trust for homesteading by native Hawaiians.

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Carriage to Horseless Carriage

Carriage to Horseless Carriage Gustav Adolph Schuman was born July 6, 1867 in Dresden, Germany to Charles and Martha (Schmalden) Schuman. In 1884, he followed an older brother to Hawaiʻi and took a position as a carriage trimmer (upholsterer) with the Carriage Manufacturing Co. Four years later, he started a carriage shop of his own, and in 1896 stated a livery business (boarding and care of horses.) “Gustav Schuman in 1897 started a business in carriages and harness on Fort Street above Hotel. All of the goods sold at the time were American made, and the business steadily increased year by year.” (1916) It became the largest privately-owned automobile concern in the Islands. Schuman Carriage closed in 2004.

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Sarah Rhodes von Pfister

Sarah Rhodes von Pfister A tutor and governess, but also a trusted mentor and confidante to one of Hawaiʻi’s Queens. Sarah played an important role in her growing up during her adolescence. Widowed, Sarah managed to get along by teaching school, which filled a long-felt want in the community. Then came the new special student for Sarah Rhodes von Pfister. At the age of five, the child had entered the Chiefs’ Children’s School. Sarah not only taught the young girl, she also became her friend. The girl became Queen Emma.

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Malukukui

Malukukui Mr and Mrs Henry C Brown converted their Wahiawa home into the Malukukui, their home-hotel among the pineapples at Wahiawa (about 1909.) It was also known as the Kukui Tree. Ill health sent them to seek a quiet country life. They settled in Wahiawa, the largest pineapple country in the world, where they bought several acres of ground and built their home, evolving from it a small country inn in which they are now able to accommodate some fifty guests. Ultimately it didn’t pay for itself and closed.

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Swim Wear

Swim Wear In the late-1800s and early-1900s, women’s bathing suits were typically accessorized with long black stockings, lace-up bathing slippers, and fancy caps. Beach shoes were made of soles of twisted straw or felt with embroidered serge or crash tops and laces. On July 5, 1946, French engineer Louis Réard designed a garment ‘smaller than the world's smallest bathing suit.’ Four days earlier, the U.S. military had conducted nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll.

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Independence Day

Independence Day Today, Americans celebrate the anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument. At the time of the signing, the American Revolutionary War was already underway (1775-1783.) Following statehood of Hawaiʻi, the new flag of the United States of America, containing a union of 50 stars, flew for the first time at 12:01 am, July 4, 1960, when it was raised at the Fort McHenry National Monument in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Kaʻohe

Kaʻohe “The whole main body of Mauna Kea belongs to one land from Hamakua, viz., Kaʻohe, to whose owners belonged the sole privilege of capturing the ʻuaʻu, a mountain-inhabiting but sea-fishing bird.” (Kaʻohe translates to ‘bamboo;’ the name may relate to a bamboo water carrier.) Kaʻohe is an irregular ahupua‘a because it only occupies a narrow (and relatively resource-poor) band along the coast where most of the residents would have lived. But as Kaʻohe ascends the eastern slope of Mauna Kea and emerges above the forest near 6,000-feet in elevation, it expands to occupy the entire summit region.

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Amelia Earhart

Amelia Earhart Amelia Mary Earhart was born on July 24, 1897 in Atchison, Kansas; the daughter of a railroad attorney. “Doesn’t drink, doesn’t smoke … but enjoys an occasional game of poker. … Dances anywhere a band plays. In 1929, she and a group of other women pilots (a total of 99) formed the Ninety-Nines; she served at its first president. She flew for ‘fun.’ She was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic (1932,) the first woman to fly solo, nonstop, across the US from Los Angeles to Newark (1932,) and the first person to fly solo between Los Angeles and Mexico City and between Mexico City and Newark (1935.) She was the first person, man or woman, to fly solo between Hawaiʻi and the American continent. She had a planned flight around-the-world and disappeared July 2, 1937.

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Unexpected Partners

Unexpected Partners Lorrin Andrews Thurston was born on July 31, 1858 in Honolulu. His father was Asa Goodale Thurston and Sarah Andrews (he was grandson of Asa and Lucy Thurston; on his mother’s side, he was grandson of another early missionary, Lorrin Andrews.) Thurston led the Annexation Club and participated in the revolution and overthrow of the constitutional monarchy (1893.) George Lycurgus left his native Sparta in Greece around 1876, when he was about 17 years old. Lycurgus opened the California Wine Company in Honolulu. Lycurgus was a royalist and was implicated with other counter-revolutionists in supplying arms (1895.) Thurston and Lycurgus were instrumental in getting the volcano recognized as Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park.

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